One of the shorter sutras, the Nadi Sutta, teaches us that if we believe in an “abiding self” (or soul) we are like “a man swept away by the current” who “would grab hold of kasha grasses, but they would tear away, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.” [Nadi Sutta: full Sutta below.]
The underlying theme of this Sutta is “grasping at the idea of self is the root of suffering.”
This concise and wonderful sutta illustrates the concept of Anatta (non self) with the parable of the river, but also the symbolism of five “parable” plants — and of course the symbolism of “root.” The man grasps for kasa grass, kusa grass, reeds, birana grasses, and trees — but all tear away and he cannot be saved. These five plants, of course, almost certainly represent the five Skandas:
- Rupa (material form or just “form”)
- Vedana (feelings or “sensation”)
- Sanna (perceptions)
- Sankhara (mental formations)
- Vinnana (consciousness).
This gets to the heart of “self.” Who are we? Are we this? Are we that? Is the self the brain? The heart? The entire body? Some kind of nebulous field of energy? A soul? What is it that reincarnates into this Samsaric world? Generally, we refer to it as “mindtream” or continuity, but it is a difficult topic. (Even when we speak of rebirth, we understand this is also impermanent.) In Buddhist terms, the “I” or self is made up of those “five heaps” or skandas — form, sensation, perception, mental formations, consciousness — none of which are permanent. It is not a soul with an abiding “forever” self.
In this featured Sutra, Nadi Sutta, or the River Sutra, Buddha explains through metaphor this concept of the futility of clinging to these aggregates — represented here by the grasses that break away. We cannot be saved from that river by uselessly trying to grasp impermanent weeds and plants. Only through the noble Eight-fold path, is there deliverance from the raging rapids of the Samsaric river.
Nadi Sutta: The River
translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
At Savatthi. There the Blessed One said, “Monks, suppose there were a river, flowing down from the mountains, going far, its current swift, carrying everything with it, and — holding on to both banks — kasa grasses, kusa grasses, reeds, birana grasses, & trees were growing. Then a man swept away by the current would grab hold of the kasa grasses, but they would tear away, and so from that cause he would come to disaster. He would grab hold of the kusa grasses… the reeds… the birana grasses… the trees, but they would tear away, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“In the same way, there is the case where an uninstructed, run-of-the-mill person — who has no regard for noble ones, is not well-versed or disciplined in their Dhamma; who has no regard for men of integrity, is not well-versed or disciplined in their Dhamma — assumes form (the body) to be the self, or the self as possessing form, or form as in the self, or the self as in form. That form tears away from him, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“He assumes feeling to be the self, or the self as possessing feeling, or feeling as in the self, or the self as in feeling. That feeling tears away from him, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“He assumes perception to be the self, or the self as possessing perception, or perception as in the self, or the self as in perception. That perception tears away from him, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“He assumes (mental) fabrications to be the self, or the self as possessing fabrications, or fabrications as in the self, or the self as in fabrications. Those fabrications tear away from him, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“He assumes consciousness to be the self, or the self as possessing consciousness, or consciousness as in the self, or the self as in consciousness. That consciousness tears away from him, and so from that cause he would come to disaster.
“What do you think, monks — Is form constant or inconstant?”
“Inconstant, lord.”
“And is that which is inconstant easeful or stressful?”
“Stressful, lord.”
“And is it fitting to regard what is inconstant, stressful, subject to change as: ‘This is mine. This is my self. This is what I am’?”
“No, lord.”
“…Is feeling constant or inconstant?”
“Inconstant, lord.”…
“…Is perception constant or inconstant?”
“Inconstant, lord.”…
“…Are fabrications constant or inconstant?”
“Inconstant, lord.”…
“What do you think, monks — Is consciousness constant or inconstant?”
“Inconstant, lord.”
“And is that which is inconstant easeful or stressful?”
“Stressful, lord.”
“And is it fitting to regard what is inconstant, stressful, subject to change as: ‘This is mine. This is my self. This is what I am’?”
“No, lord.”
“Thus, monks, any form whatsoever that is past, future, or present; internal or external; blatant or subtle; common or sublime; far or near: every form is to be seen as it actually is with right discernment as: ‘This is not mine. This is not my self. This is not what I am.’
“Any feeling whatsoever…
“Any perception whatsoever…
“Any fabrications whatsoever…
“Any consciousness whatsoever that is past, future, or present; internal or external; blatant or subtle; common or sublime; far or near: every consciousness is to be seen as it actually is with right discernment as: ‘This is not mine. This is not my self. This is not what I am.’
“Seeing thus, the well-instructed disciple of the noble ones grows disenchanted with form, disenchanted with feeling, disenchanted with perception, disenchanted with fabrications, disenchanted with consciousness. Disenchanted, he becomes dispassionate. Through dispassion, he is fully released. With full release, there is the knowledge, ‘Fully released.’ He discerns that ‘Birth is ended, the holy life fulfilled, the task done. There is nothing further for this world.'”
Citation: “Nadi Sutta: The River” (SN 22.93), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (BCBS Edition), 30 November 2013, .
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Josephine Nolan is an editor and contributing feature writer for several online publications, including EDI Weekly and Buddha Weekly.
